Computer Science Research Articles
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A Comprehensive Simulation Study on the Multicast Operation of the AODV Routing Protocol for CBR Traffic in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Lavanya Poluboyina, Mallikarjun Prasad A, Sivakumar Reddy V, Prasad Acharya G
Abstract - In certain applications of MANETs like handling emergency operations, the group communications play a crucial role which demands for multicast routing. Moreover, it is known fact that the on-demand reactive routing protocol AODV is very much suited for the mobile ad-hoc environments. Hence, the multicast routing protocol MAODV (multicast extension of AODV) is considered, to get the benefits of using a single protocol for both unicast and multicast routing. In this paper, MAODV is examined for its multicast routing behavior under various mobility patterns in order to check its suitability for dynamic environments of MANETs, for CBR data traffic. The work is done by varying various multicast routing parameters such as number of multicast receivers per group, number of multicast senders per group and number of multicast groups in a network scenario. Further, a special case where the number of receivers is equal to the number of senders in a multicast group (conferencing) is also simulated for exploring the protocol's multicast routing behavior thoroughly. The performance of the protocol is analyzed in terms of the QoS evaluation metrics such as packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, average jitter, throughput and normalized routing load. From the graphs, it is observed that the MAODV works well in MANET environments. Moreover, the benefit of multicast routing is clearly visible in terms of increased throughput and reduced routing loads irrespective of the experiment set.
Published: 2021Read / Download
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Based On-Demand Fault Tolerant Routing Protocol (ANFIS-ODFTR) for MANETs
Suneel Kumar Duvvuri, S. Ramakrishna
Abstract - Due to adverse characteristics such as open medium, recurrent restructuring of paths, power constraints, and high mobility of MANETs, the nodes and links failed frequently. These failures increase the control overhead because of the tedious route discovery process. Thereby the performance of the network diminished drastically. Devising an efficient on-demand routing protocol with fault tolerance is a challenging task. Detecting and removal of these faulty nodes during data transmission without affecting the communication flow is very critical because of the unavailability of path information. The research challenge of designing the effective fault tolerant routing protocol for MANET is addressed in this study. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System was utilized to create a fault-tolerant routing system. The fault tolerant routing protocols based on numerical estimation are discussed. Simulation results have attested that the suggested approach considerably boosts the Packet Delivery Ratio while lowering the Routing Overhead.
Published: 2021Read / Download
Efficient Multipath Zone-Based Routing in MANET Using (TID-ZMGR) Ticked-ID Based Zone Manager
S. Venkatasubramanian, A. Suhasini, C. Vennila
Abstract - Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is an infrastructure-less network, which is self-organizing, self-configuring and dynamic. The traditional routing protocol is not efficient against the routing challenges. The traditional MANET routing mechanisms involve overhearing, retransmission, and idle listening, which consume high energy. The main obstacles for MANET are end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and packet collision problems. The enhancement of network lifetime and communication performance is still a challenging task. This paper proposes a Ticket-ID zone manager routing protocol (TID-ZMGR) with sleep scheduling for MANETS. The proposed system consists of a zone routing system that is effective in load balancing and energy-efficient. In the proposed approach, nodes in the network are grouped as zones with a zone leader (ZL). The ZL is the node with higher efficiency in terms of energy, link quality, connectivity, and distances. The TID-ZMGR follows a multipath mechanism for balancing the load, and traffic is controlled by distributing the path from source to destination. The implementation of an adaptive sleep duty cycling approach ensures error-free communication around the network. Additionally, the adaptive sleep duty cycling approach increases the overall accuracy by saving the power on border nodes. The efficiency of the proposed work is proved by the comparison work carried out between Ticket-ID Based Routing management system (TID-BRM) Zone-based Routing with Parallel Collision Guided Broadcasting Protocol (ZCG) and Distance aware Zone Routing Protocol (DZRP) with TID-ZMGR. Experimental work evaluation metrics are zonal leader changes, energy consumptions, and network lifetime. Simulation result shows proposed mechanism achieves minimum energy consumption with improved output on throughput and packet delivery ratio.
Published: 2021Read / Download
Trust-Based Energy Efficient Secure Multipath Routing in MANET Using LF-SSO and SH2E
Valanto Alappatt, Joe Prathap P M
Abstract - Multipath Routing (MR) technique is much common in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) as they overcome single-path routing's particular limitations. However, by reason of the deficiency of trusted centralized authority and also inadequate resources, attaining energy-effective secure MR is a significant challenge in MANET. Aimed at overcoming these challenges, this work proposes a trust-centred energy-efficient MR scheme for MANET. In this research, primarily, the direct and indirect trust of nodes and paths are examined and centred on these trust values, the secure multipath is selected and also the victim nodes are identified and isolated. Next, the data packets (DPs) are encrypted using the Secret key-centred Hybrid Honey Encryption (SH2E) algorithm to secure the DPs against data transmission (DT) attacks. Next, the Levy Flight centred Shuffled Shepherd Optimization (LF-SSO) Algorithm is applied to discover an optimal path as of the multipath selected. This algorithm improves the network's lifetime by discovering a path based on path trust, residual node energy, and also the path's distance. And then, the encrypted DPs are forwarded as of the source node (SN) onto the destination node (DN) over the discovered optimal path, and finally, transmitted to the base station (BS). This work not only considers the energy-efficient secure routing but also considers the route maintenance. The experiential outcomes are given to exhibit the proposed system's efficacy.
Published: 2021Read / Download
Cluster Head Selection Algorithm for MANETs Using Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-Genetic Algorithm
Fouziah Hamza, S. Maria Celestin Vigila
Abstract - The Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a decentralized system that consists of mobile nodes. Wireless connections are used to connect these nodes. The primary issues of concern of MANETs are mobility and limited battery lifetime. Advanced techniques for improving MANET energy efficiency and extending network lifespan are critical. Clustering is one of the tried-and-true methods for increasing network lifetime by lowering and balancing energy consumption. Choosing a suitable cluster head from the cluster improves the network's energy efficiency even further. Because of the additional workloads, the cluster heads (CHs) utilize more energy than non-cluster heads. A novel algorithm for CH selection with a Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-Genetic Algorithm (PSO-GA) is proposed to improve the MANET network's energy efficiency and lifetime. The proposed method is implemented using the NS-2 platform for the analysis. The proposed model outperforms the existing OSCA, EP-MBO, GBTC, SM-WCA, CM-BCA, and FCO methods in terms of network performance. The model's.........................
Published: 2021Read / Download
Secure Multi-Path Routing Using Splitting and Merging Based Clustering for Reducing Power Usage in MANET
Krishnaveni Sakkarapani, C. Chandra Prabha
Abstract - On the Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), mobile devices often powered by batteries. These devices communicate with each other and broadcast information from a sender device to a receiver device. Suppose there are two devices between long distances due to the signal transmission limit. In such a case, they cannot directly communicate because they have to use more communication power. Routing technique needed to deal with this problem. Nowadays, a lot of routing techniques used in MANET. These have some significant drawbacks, such as a higher end-to-end delay and higher routing cost with higher power expenditure. To overcome this issue, Secure Multipath Routing (SMR) based on splitting and Merging-based Clustering (SMC) algorithm proposed for Secure Packets Transfer and Reduces Power Usage in MANET. This algorithm applies the splitting and merging network-based clustering and detects cluster-based minimum power usage routes for each mobile device. Experimental outcomes demonstrate that the SMR based on the SMC algorithm takes........................
Published: 2021Read / DownloadPerformance Evaluation of a MANET based Secure and Energy Optimized Communication Protocol (E2S-AODV) for Underwater Disaster Response Network
Karan Singh, Rajeev Gupta
Abstract - In recent years, the role of telecommunications in Under Water Mobile Ad-hoc Network (UWMANET) has emerged as a significant field during disaster prevention and rescue operations. Various disaster prevention and rescue supported applications are introduced in these years for flood, tsunamis, and underwater earthquakes. While communication in UWMANET, the existing communication system has some limitations like high energy utilization, tremendous packet loss rate, and delay. Sensor nodes can be deployed for data collection from the dense underwater environment. In UWMANET, security is another critical aspect of secure data transmission. In this paper, a new UWMANET based routing protocol, i.e., E2S-AODV (Energy Efficient Secure Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector) is designed and tested for Under Water Disaster Response Network (UWDRN) in a controlled environment. The optimum route for data transmission is selected by Pigeons Swarm Optimization (PiSO). PiSO reduces the hop count........................
Published: 2021Read / Download
An Analysis of Processing Multimedia Data in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Gururaj H L, Ramesh B
Abstract - Technological growth in the digital communication era made a huge impact on life style of human beings. Now a day the growth of social networking sites gained much popularity around the world. Social networks provide a means for users to interact or communicate over the internet. Some of the trending social media include Facebook, twitter, WhatsApp, LinkedIn, Instagram, google+ and so on. The multimedia data is the basic building blocks for all the types of communications. Social networks also help to share multimedia data like audios, videos, stories and animations. Users can access these social media services via web-based tools through laptops, smart phones and tablets. Social networks are extremely communicating stages through which persons, groups and governments can share, co-create, discuss and modify the data through internet. In this paper the different video processing models in MANETs such as............................
Published: 2019Read / DownloadAdaptive Power Transmission and Efficient Energy Scheme of DSR Protocol (APEE-DSR)
Kadry Sayed Mohamed, Sayed Abd El Hady Nouh, Abdelhady M. Naguib
Abstract - Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a group of two or more nodes, which are connected in dispersed manner for enabling wireless communications. All nodes being moveable and are dynamically connected in a random way. MANETs can be used in many applications such as: military battles, WSN, in areas where it is difficult to build wired network. Due to dynamic topology of MANET, restricted battery power, and limited capacity of wireless channels, it becomes design of routing mechanism is one of the main challenges in MANET. In general, MANETs' routing protocols can be classified into two classes: proactive routing (e.g. DSDV) and reactive routing (e.g. AODV and DSR). Many studies showed that reactive routing protocols are outperform proactive protocols. Therefore, the presented article concerned with performance enhancement of DSR ................................
Published: 2019Read / Download
EDA-AODV: Energy and Distance Aware "AODV" Routing Protocol
Mohamed A. Ryan, Sayed Nouh, Tarek M. Salem, Abdelhady M. Naguib
Abstract - "Mobile Ad Hoc Network" (MANET) is composed of a set of wireless mobile nodes, it is a self-organized environment which does not need any infrastructure. The topology of this type of network is formed dynamically and the mobility feature of the nodes causes rapid, unpredictable and frequent network topology changes. All nodes in this network are mobile in nature and driven by batteries, that could cause link breakage if a battery of a node goes empty. Rapid topology change and the limited resources in these networks made designing an efficient routing protocol a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a new route discovery scheme of AODV that reduces routing overhead, prolong route life time, and relatively minimum hop counts. The suggested scheme is called EDA- AODV, where the route is selected using two main metrics: node energy factor.................................
Published: 2018Read / DownloadImprovement over AODV Considering QoS Support in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
Sanjeev Kumar Sharma, Sanjay Sharma
Abstract - MANETs are very advantageous and fruitful when there is no infrastructure or has been destroyed due to some reasons like earthquake, floods and so on. Data communication in MANETs are very challenging issue due to threats like limited battery power, limited bandwidth, mobility, routing and QoS and so on. Due to these challenges and scarcity of resources in MANETs, it's very difficult to achieve high quality of service. QAODV, AODV, OLSR, DSDV and ZRP and so on, are some of very popular routing protocols for MANETs. Minimum no. of hops is the route selection criteria used by most of the routing protocols. This makes it necessary to consider QoS parameters to the routing protocols. Above mentioned protocols are not pure QoS routing protocol and insufficient to achieve..................................
Published: 2017Read / Download
Throughput and Delay Analysis of AODV, DSDV and DSR Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Saima Zafar, Hina Tariq, Kanza Manzoor
Abstract - Mobile ad hoc networks are envisaged to play a vital role in ubiquitous networking owing to their mobility support without relying on infrastructure-based design. Conversely, the same feature makes routing in these networks challenging as compared to the typical wired networks. As a result typical routing protocols designed for wired networks are not appropriate for these networks. A number of routing protocols have emerged over the last few years which can be generally classified as proactive and reactive routing protocols. In this research, we analyze and compare three most important routing protocols from both categories in terms of throughput, end to end delay and packet delivery fraction. This comparison is useful in understanding the requirements and challenges for routing protocols in mobile and ad hoc setting and forms the basis of designing a new routing protocol............................
Published: 2016Read / DownloadEnhanced Route Discovery Mechanism of Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector for MANET
May Sayed A. Nouh , Salwa H. El-ramly, M. Zaki, Husein A.A Elsayed
Abstract - The Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the most famed reactive routing protocols, which is used in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) for routing purposes, where the routes are built only when it is required. The AODV is related to the problem of route constructing and maintaining among any two-node in the presence of the dynamic topology of a network. High routing control packets, during route construction, is a limiting factor of AODV. Also, the route created during route discovery process may not be optimum (in terms of the number of hop counts between the originating and target node). The construction of non-optimal route arises from many reasons such as .............................
Published: 2016Read / Download
A Novel Efficient Rebroadcast Protocol for Minimizing Routing Overhead in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Priyaganga Guruswamy, Madhumita Chatterjee
Abstract - Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless ad-hoc network comprising of mobile devices which undergo peer to peer routing, to provide network connectivity instead of pre-existing network infrastructure. Despite its simplicity of network infrastructure, however it poses challenges of variable link capacity, dynamic topology, exhaustible battery power of nodes and limited physical security. In MANET, broadcasting is a conventional mechanism carried out to deliver messages from source node to all other nodes in MANET. Flooding is commonly used method for broadcasting of Route Request (RREQ) packet which is prone to broadcast storm problem. As a result, there is a need of an efficient routing strategy to build a reliable route which can neglect high variation of signal strength, collision and draining of battery power. In this paper, a new approach is introduced to rebroadcast............................
Published: 2016Read / DownloadA Novel Application based Generic Cluster Creation Mechanism in Ad Hoc Networks
S. Thirumurugan, Jasmine Beulah Gnanadurai
Abstract - The wired mode of communication will no longer serve the purpose of our present scenario network where the expectations in communications system have been skyrocketed. Thus, wireless network with ad hoc nature will suit the present and forthcoming real world applications. This ad hoc wireless network will bind the entire globe and will reign the communication system tomorrow. But, ad hoc network has been limited by the growth factor. In order to address this issue, the clustering mechanism has been incorporated into this ad hoc network to get better results in terms of the network functionality. The ad hoc network efficiency has been improved when the clusters have been devised properly. There are various parameters which identify the efficacy level of clusters in networks. Existing cluster formation algorithms give more weight to any one of the parameters (degree, distance, energy, mobility) when selecting the cluster head of the cluster. ...........................
Published: 2017Read / Download
Interference Aware Cooperative Routing Algorithm for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks over Nakagami Fading and Lognormal Shadowing
Abdullah Waqas
Abstract - The quick deployment and flexible characteristics of wireless ad hoc networks make them suitable for many commercial and daily life applications. A most challenging task in these distributed networks is ensuring quality of service to end-to-end user in presence of wireless channel, random network topology, unpredictable traffic patterns, and shared resources. The performance of network is limit by the amount of interference in the network in case of simultaneous transmission over same frequency band. In this paper, we address interference issue in presence of nakagami fading and lognormal shadowing channel conditions and proposed an Interference Aware Cooperative Routing (IACR) approach to manage routing operations between nodes. The presented model reflects realistic scenarios ...........................
Published: 2016Read / DownloadImplementation of a Novel Protocol for Coordination of Nodes in Manet
Poonam Mittal, Sanjay Batra, C.K.Nagpal
Abstract - A network is basically a combination of nodes and links. Nodes can be mobile or static in nature and similarly links connecting them may be wired or wireless in nature. So there can be different combination of network. In MANET all the nodes are mobile and these mobile nodes are not in a fixed topology. Each node can take and receive data from another node that is why these nodes can act as router as well as node. Nodes can join the network with their own wish. Due to all these features of Manet it may face various challenges like no central authority, different mobility models, battery power, selfish behavior of nodes, coordination of nodes and continuously maintenance of information which is required to properly route traffic. All the above mentioned challenges affect the performance of the Manet. But cooperation among the participating nodes may overshadow these challenges.............................
Published: 2015Read / Download
Dynamic Node Recovery in MANET for High Recovery Probability
Ravneet Kaur, Neeraj Sharma
Abstract - One of the key design issues in ad hoc networks is the development of rollback recovery model for providing fault-tolerance in MANET. Because the potential problem of MANET is limited energy, probability of fault occurrences is more. Hence, checkpointing is done at trusted nodes when faults are encountered, for successful rollback to the last saved state. This makes trust a vital factor to be determined. The proposed algorithm aims to reduce the rollback recovery time by retrieving the checkpoint data through trusted nodes. Dynamic node recovery technique unfolds the impact of cluster trust on the count variable maintained by each node. This variable is so maintained, to do the checkpointing process when a definite threshold is reached. Such an attack prone node saves its data at the nearest trusted cluster head. Again, based on opinion dynamics,.............................
Published: 2015Read / Download